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Editorials - 07-11-2021

ஆண்டாளையும் நம்மாழ்வாரையும் அழகான ஆங்கிலத்துக்குக் கொண்டுசென்றிருப்பவர் அர்ச்சனா வெங்கடேசன். ஏ.கே.ராமானுஜனின் தொடர்ச்சி. நம்மாழ்வாரின் ‘திருவாய்மொழி’ அர்ச்சனாவின் மொழிபெயர்ப்பில் ‘எண்ட்லெஸ் சாங்’ என்ற தலைப்பில் சமீபத்தில் வெளியாகி நல்ல வரவேற்பு பெற்றுக்கொண்டிருக்கிறது. இந்த மொழிபெயர்ப்புக்காக ‘லூஸியன் ஸ்ட்ரைக் ஏசியன் ட்ரான்ஸ்லேஷன் பிரைஸ்’ என்ற விருது அர்ச்சனாவுக்கு சமீபத்தில் அறிவிக்கப்பட்டிருக்கிறது. அமெரிக்காவின் கலிஃபோர்னியா பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் (டேவிஸ்) மதங்கள் சார்ந்த ஆய்வுகளுக்கும் ஒப்பிலக்கியத்துக்குமான இணைப் பேராசிரியராக இருக்கும் அர்ச்சனாவுடன் உரையாடியதிலிருந்து…

தமிழ் இலக்கியத்தின் பக்கம் எப்படி வந்தீர்கள்?

சென்னை பெசன்ட் நகரில் பிறந்து வளர்ந்தவள் நான். 12-ம் வகுப்பு வரை ஆங்கில வழி என்பதால், சென்னையில் இருக்கும் வரை தமிழ் எழுதவோ படிக்கவோ தெரியாது. பேசுவேன் அவ்வளவுதான். ஆனால், சிறு வயதில் ஆங்கில இலக்கியத்தின் மீது விருப்பம் அதிகம். கலிஃபோர்னியா பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் (பெர்க்லி) ஆங்கில இலக்கியம் படிக்கும்போது, என் அறைத்தோழி ஜார்ஜ் எல்.ஹார்ட்டின் வகுப்புக்கு என்னைக் கூப்பிட்டுச் சென்றார். அங்கே ஜார்ஜ் எல்.ஹார்ட் அகநானூற்றுப் பாடல் ஒன்றைப் பற்றிப் பாடம் எடுத்தார். ஆங்கிலத்தைத் தாய்மொழியாகக் கொண்ட ஒருவர் தமிழ் இலக்கியத்தைப் பற்றிப் பாடம் நடத்துகிறாரே என்று உறைந்துபோனேன். வகுப்பு முடிந்ததும் அவரைச் சந்தித்துப் பேசியபோது அவர், “தமிழ்நாட்டிலிருந்து வருகிறாய்; சங்க இலக்கியம் தெரியவில்லையா?” என்று கடிந்துகொண்டு, கரும் பலகையில் ‘சங்க இலக்கியம்’ என்றும் ‘அகம்’, ‘புறம்’ என்றும் எழுதி ஒரு குட்டி உரையே நிகழ்த்திவிட்டார். அந்தச் சொற்களையெல்லாம் நான் அப்போதுதான் முதன்முறையாகக் கேள்விப்படுகிறேன். அந்த நாள் எனக்குப் பெரும் பூகம்பம் நிகழ்ந்த நாள். பிறகு, பல்கலைக்கழக நூலகத்துக்குச் சென்று, ஜார்ஜ் எல்.ஹார்ட், ஏ.கே.ராமானுஜன் போன்றோர் செய்த பழந்தமிழ் இலக்கியங்களின் ஆங்கில மொழிபெயர்ப்பு நூல்களையெல்லாம் அள்ளிக்கொண்டு அறைக்குச் சென்றேன். மொழிபெயர்ப்பின் முக்கியத்துவத்தை அந்தத் தருணத்தில்தான் உணர்ந்துகொண்டேன். நான் அப்போதே முடிவெடுத்தேன், “மேல்படிப்பு தமிழ் இலக்கியத்தில்தான்” என்று. தமிழை எழுதப் படிக்கக் கற்றுக்கொள்வதற்காக ஒரு ஆசிரியரை அமர்த்திக்கொண்டேன்.

ஆண்டாள், நாலாயிர திவ்யபிரபந்தத்துக்குள் எப்படி வந்துசேர்ந்தீர்கள்?

தமிழ் இலக்கியத்தைப் பற்றி கமில் சுவலெபில் எழுதிய நூலைப் படித்த பிறகுதான் 12 ஆழ்வார்களில் ஒரு பெண் ஆழ்வாராக ஆண்டாள் இருந்திருக்கிறார் என்றும் அவர் பாசுரங்கள் எழுதியிருக்கிறார் என்றும் தெரியவந்தது. என்னுடைய முனைவர் பட்டப் படிப்புக்கு முந்தைய ஆண்டு ஆண்டாளை மெதுவாகப் படித்து முடித்தேன்.

திருவாய்மொழியை மொழிபெயர்க்கப் பத்தாண்டுகளுக்கு மேல் ஆகிவிட்டதல்லவா! அந்த அனுபவம் எப்படி இருந்தது?

ஹார்வர்டு பல்கலைக்கழகத்தின் ஃப்ராங்க் க்ளூனி ஸ்ரீவைஷ்ணவத்தைப் பற்றி நிறைய எழுதியிருக்கிறார். “என்னுடன் சேர்ந்து ‘திருவாய்மொழி’யை மொழிபெயர்க்கிறீர்களா?” என்று 15 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்பு அவர் என்னிடம் கேட்டார். திருவாய்மொழி போன்ற மிகவும் கடினமான ஒரு பிரதியை அந்த வயதில் மொழிபெயர்க்க எடுத்துக்கொள்வது முட்டாள்தனம் என்று நினைத்தேன். ஆனால், ஃப்ராங்க் மாதிரி ஒருத்தருடன் இணைந்து பணிபுரிவது என்பது பெரிய விஷயம் என்பதால், நான் ஒப்புக்கொண்டேன். அவர் பணிபுரியும் ஹார்வர்டு பல்கலைக்கழகத்துக்கும் நான் பணிபுரியும் கலிஃபோர்னியா பல்கலைக்கழகத்துக்கும் இடையே கிட்டத்தட்ட 4,900 கிமீ தொலைவு. ஜூம் செயலியெல்லாம் இல்லாத அக்காலத்தில் சில முறை சந்தித்து இருவரும் சேர்ந்து முதல் 60 பாசுரங்களை மொழிபெயர்த்தோம். அவர் தனியாக முழுவதும் மொழிபெயர்த்துவிட்டார். நான் ஒவ்வொன்றாக மிகவும் மெதுவாக மொழிபெயர்த்துக்கொண்டிருந்தேன். ஒரு நாளைக்கு ஒரு பாசுரத்தை மட்டுமே என்னால் மொழிபெயர்க்க முடிந்தது. அதிகபட்சம் இரண்டு பாசுரங்கள். தினமும் எழுந்ததும் காலையில் ஒரு பாசுரத்தை மொழிபெயர்ப்பேன். இதற்கிடையில் ஃப்ராங்குக்கு வேறு பணிகள் வந்ததால் அவர் அதில் ஈடுபட ஆரம்பித்தார். “மொழிபெயர்த்து முடித்ததும் நீங்களே தனியாக வெளியிட்டுக்கொள்ளுங்கள்” என்று சொன்னார். அப்படித்தான் ‘திருவாய்மொழி’யின் ஆங்கில மொழிபெயர்ப்பு வெளியானது.

‘திருவாய்மொழி’க்கு எத்தனையோ உரைகள். உங்கள் மொழிபெயர்ப்புக்கு எப்படிப் பொருள் வரையறை செய்துகொண்டீர்கள்?

உரைகளைத் துணைக்கு வைத்துக்கொண்டேன். ஆனால், பொருள் வரையறையில் எனது மதிப்பீட்டையே இறுதியாகக் கொண்டேன். உரைகள் வைணவக் கருத்தோடுதான் இருக்கும். ராமானுஜரின் விசிஷ்டாத்வைதம், தென்கலை-வடகலை போன்ற பார்வைக் கோணத்தில்தான் உரைகள் எழுதுவார்கள். ஆனால், நம்மாழ்வார் இயற்றியவை பக்திப் பாடல்கள்தான். அவற்றில் நாம் விசிஷ்டாத்வைதத்தைக் காணலாம், அத்வைதத்தைக் காணலாம், துவைதத்தைக்கூடக் காணலாம். அது அவரவர் பார்வைக் கோணத்தைப் பொறுத்தது. ஒரு மொழிபெயர்ப்பாளராக எனக்குக் கவிதைதான் முக்கியம். அந்தக் கவிதையை ஆங்கிலத்தில் கொண்டுவர வேண்டும். அதே நேரத்தில், மொழிபெயர்ப்பு என்பது விளக்கம் தருவது இல்லை என்றுதான் நான் எப்போதும் சொல்வேன். என்னுடைய வேலை என்பது தமிழிலிருந்து ஆங்கிலத்துக்குக் கொண்டுசெல்வது மட்டும்தான். தமிழ் கஷ்டமாக இருந்தால் ஆங்கிலமும் கஷ்டமாக இருக்க வேண்டும். தமிழ்ப் பாசுரம் பூடகமாக இருந்தால் ஆங்கில மொழிபெயர்ப்பிலும் அதே பூடகம் இருக்க வேண்டும்.

நம்மாழ்வார் முழுக்க இந்தியத் தொன்மங்களில் ஊறியவர். அவரை ஆங்கில வாசகர் எப்படி எதிர்கொள்வார்?

மகத்தான கவிதை என்பது அதன் கலாச்சாரப் பின்புலத்தையெல்லாம் தாண்டியும் மகத்தான கவிதையாக விளங்குகிறது என்றே நினைக்கிறேன்.

தொடக்கக் காலத்தில் எல்லோரையும் உள்ளடக்கிய (inclusive) தன்மையை வைஷ்ணவம் கொண்டிருந்தது. ஆழ்வார்களில் பல சாதிகளைச் சேர்ந்தவர்களும் உண்டு. ராமானுஜர் காலம் வரை இந்த உள்ளடக்கும் தன்மை நீடித்தது. போகப் போக அது மற்ற எல்லோரையும் விலக்குவதாக (exclusive) ஆகிவிட்டதுபோல் தோன்றுகிறதே?

தோன்றுகிறதெல்லாம் இல்லை. நீங்கள் சொல்வது 100% உண்மை. நம்மாழ்வார், ஆண்டாள் எல்லாம் எல்லோருக்கும் உரியவர்கள். இவர்களின் பாசுரங்களை ஆண்கள், பெண்கள், பிராமணர்கள், பிராமணரல்லாதவர்கள், பட்டியலினத்தவர்கள் என்று எல்லோரும் படிக்க வேண்டும். ஆனால், ஆழ்வார்களைப் பஞ்சில் பொதிந்துவைத்துக் காப்பாற்றுவதுபோல் காப்பாற்றிக்கொண்டிருக்கிறார்கள். யாரிடமிருந்து காப்பாற்றுகிறீர்கள்? ‘திராவிட வேதம்’ என்ற பெயர் சூட்டப்பட்டதால்தான், அதாவது ‘வேதம்’ என்ற பெயர் சூட்டப்பட்டதால்தான், சம்ஸ்கிருத வேதத்தைப் போல நாலாயிர திவ்யபிரபந்தத்துக்கும் சடங்குத் தன்மை ஏற்பட்டு, அதைப் போலவே குறிப்பிட்ட வகுப்பினருக்கு உரியதாக ஆகிவிட்டது. நாலாயிர திவ்யபிரபந்தம் முதன்மையாகக் கவிதையாகப் பார்க்கப்பட வேண்டும்.

திருவாய்மொழியை அத்யயனம் செய்யும் அத்யயனோத்சவம் பற்றிக் கூறுங்களேன்…

ஸ்ரீவில்லிபுத்தூர், திருக்குறுங்குடி, நாங்குநேரி, நவதிருப்பதி போன்ற பல இடங்களில் அத்யயனோத்சவத்தைப் பார்த்திருக்கிறேன். அது ஒரு பிரமாதமான உற்சவம். முதல் பத்து நாட்களில் – அதாவது பகல் பத்தின்போது – பெருமாளுக்கு வெவ்வேறு அலங்காரங்கள் சாத்துவார்கள். சில கோயில்களில் எந்த ஆழ்வாரின் பாசுரங்கள் சேவிக்கப்படுகிறதோ அந்த ஆழ்வாரின் திருக்கோலத்தை அல்லது அந்த ஆழ்வாரின் பாசுரங்களில் இடம்பெறும் பெருமாளுடைய அவதாரத்தின் திருக்கோலத்தைப் பெருமாளுக்குச் சாத்துவார்கள். ஆண்டாள் பாசுரங்கள் சேவிக்கப்படும் நாளில் பெருமாளுக்கு ஆண்டாளின் திருக்கோலத்தைப் பூட்டுவார்கள். பெரியாழ்வார் பாசுரங்கள் சேவிக்கப்படும் நாளில் பெருமாளுக்குக் கண்ணன் திருக்கோலம். வைகுண்ட ஏகாதசிக்குப் பிறகு வைகுண்ட வாசல் திறப்பதை, அவ்வளவு பெரிய கூட்டத்துடன் பார்ப்பது உண்மையிலேயே பெரிய அனுபவம்தான். பகல் பத்து முடிப்பது பெரிய திருமொழி முடித்து திருமங்கையாழ்வாரின் மோட்சத்துடன். இராப் பத்து முடிப்பது திருவாய்மொழி முடித்துவிட்டு நம்மாழ்வாரின் மோட்சத்துடன். அது ரொம்பவும் நெகிழ்ச்சியை ஏற்படுத்தும். அதைப் பார்க்கும்போது நிறைய பேர் அழுவார்கள். நானே அழுதிருக்கிறேன். இராப் பத்து முடிந்த மறுநாள் அதாவது, அத்யயனோத்சவத்தின் 21-ம் நாள் ஆழ்வார் திருநகரி, திருக்குறுங்குடி ஆகிய ஊர்களில் மட்டும் வீடு விடை என்ற உற்சவம் நடக்கும். ’எனக்கு மோட்சம் வேண்டாம். நான் திரும்பி வர வேண்டும். எனக்கு வைகுண்டம் வேண்டாம். பூலோகத்துக்கு வந்துவிடுகிறேன்’ என்று ஆழ்வார்கள் சொல்லும் உற்சவம் அது. ரொம்ப ரொம்ப அழகாக இருக்கும்.

இன்ஃபோசிஸ் நாராயண மூர்த்தியின் மகன் ரோஹன் மூர்த்தி நிறுவிய ‘மூர்த்தி கிளாஸிக்கல் லைப்ரரி ஆஃப் இந்தியா’வின் ‘கம்பராமாயண மொழிபெயர்ப்புத் திட்ட’த்தில் இயக்குநராக இருக்கிறீர்கள் அல்லவா?

கம்பரை நான் மொழிபெயர்ப்பேன் என்று கனவிலும் நினைத்துப்பார்த்ததில்லை. தொடக்கத்தில் என்னை ‘சுந்தர காண்டம்’ மொழிபெயர்க்கச் சொல்லிக் கேட்டார்கள். ‘திருவாய்மொழி’யை முடிக்கும் வரை வேறெதையும் என்னால் செய்ய முடியாது என்று கூறிவிட்டேன். இடைப்பட்ட காலத்தில் அந்த மொழிபெயர்ப்புக் குழுவில் இருப்பவர்கள் சிலர் மரணம், ஒருவர் விலகல் என்று சில தடங்கல்கள். இந்தத் திட்டத்துக்கான அணி தற்போது மறுஒழுங்கு செய்யப்பட்டிருக்கிறது. இப்போது ‘கம்ப ராமாயண’த்தை மொழிபெயர்க்க இந்த அணியில் ஏழு பேர் இருக்கிறோம். டேவிட் ஷுல்மன் அயோத்தியா காண்டம் மொழிபெயர்க்கிறார். நான் சுந்தர காண்டம். 2024-ல் ‘பால காண்டம்’ வெளிவரும் என்று நம்புகிறோம். மற்ற காண்டங்கள் அடுத்தடுத்து வெளிவரும்.

நவீனத் தமிழ் இலக்கியம் படிக்கிறீர்களா?

தமிழில் பெண்களின் படைப்புகள் கொஞ்சம் படித்திருக்கிறேன். அவர்களில் குட்டி ரேவதி, பாமா ஆகியோரின் படைப்புகள் எனக்குப் பிடிக்கும்.

- ஆசை, தொடர்புக்கு: asaithambi.d@hindutamil.co.in

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எண்ட்லெஸ் சாங் - திருவாய்மொழி

நம்மாழ்வார்

ஆங்கிலத்தில்: அர்ச்சனா வெங்கடேசன்

‘தோசையம்மா தோசை’, ‘அம்மா இங்கே வா வா’, ‘மாம்பழமாம் மாம்பழம்’ – அச்சு இதழ், நூல் தொடங்கி இன்றைய காணொளி வடிவம் வரை, தகவல்தொடர்பு வளர்ச்சிக்கு ஏற்ப ஒவ்வொரு வடிவத்திலும் இடம்பெற்ற, தலைமுறைகளைத் தாண்டிய இதுபோன்ற பாடல்களை எழுதியவர் அழ.வள்ளியப்பா. சிறு வயதுக் குழந்தைகளிடம் மொழியைப் பழக்கப்படுத்தவும், புதிய விஷயங்களைக் கற்றுக்கொடுக்கவும் சந்தத்தோடு பாடப்படும் இதுபோன்ற பாடல்கள் பெரும் துணைபுரிகின்றன. மழலையர் பள்ளிகளிலும் தொடக்கப் பள்ளிகளிலும் இப்படிப் பல பாடல்கள் இன்றைக்கும் பாடப்படுகின்றன.

1930-களில் முன்னோடிப் பதிப்பகமாகவும் இதழ் அலுவலகமாகவும் செயல்பட்டுவந்த வை.கோவிந்தனின் சக்தி காரியாலயத்தில் பணிபுரிந்த பலரும் பிற்காலத்தில் புகழ்பெற்ற இதழாளர்களாகவும் எழுத்தாளர்களாகவும் உருமாறினார்கள். அந்த மரபில் வந்தவர் அழ.வள்ளியப்பா. சக்தி காரியாலயத்தில் காசாளராகப் பணியிலிருந்த அழ.வள்ளியப்பா, தி.ஜ.ர. மூலம் எழுத்துத் துறையில் கால்பதித்தார். பின்னால், வங்கிப் பணியில் சேர்ந்த பிறகும் சிறார் இலக்கியப் பணியை இடையறாது மேற்கொண்டுவந்தார்.

அவருடைய முதல் பாடல் தொகுப்பு ‘மலரும் உள்ளம்’ 1944-ல் வெளியானது. அதே காலத்தில், புதுக்கோட்டையிலிருந்து வெளியான ‘பாலர் மலர்’, ‘டமாரம்’, ‘சங்கு’ ஆகிய மூன்று சிறார் இதழ்களின் நிழல் ஆசிரியராக வள்ளியப்பா செயல்பட்டார். அந்த இதழ்கள் நின்ற பிறகு, ‘பூஞ்சோலை’ இதழின் கௌரவ ஆசிரியரானார். சிறார் இதழ்களுக்கு ஆசிரியராகப் பணிபுரிந்த காலத்தில், பல புதிய எழுத்தாளர்களுக்கு மட்டுமல்லாமல், குழந்தைகள் எழுதவும் பெருமளவு வாய்ப்பு வழங்கி ஊக்குவித்தார் வள்ளியப்பா.

வங்கியில் பணியாற்றிக்கொண்டிருந்த காலத்திலேயே சிறப்பு அனுமதி பெற்று, ‘தென் மொழிகள் புத்தக அறக்கட்டளை’யில் குழந்தை இலக்கியச் சிறப்பு அலுவலராக ஐந்து ஆண்டுகளுக்கு மேல் செயல்பட்டார். வங்கிப் பணியிலிருந்து ஓய்வுபெற்ற பின் 1983-ல் ‘கோகுலம்’ சிறார் மாத இதழின் கௌரவ ஆசிரியராகச் செயல்பட்டார். அந்தக் காலத்தில் ‘கோகுலம் சிறுவர் சங்கம்’ மூலமாக மாணவர்களைப் பெருமளவு வாசிப்பு நோக்கியும் எழுத்து நோக்கியும் வள்ளியப்பா ஈர்த்தார்.

காலம் கடந்த பாடல்கள்

குழந்தைகளால் பெரிதும் விரும்பப்பட்ட அவருடைய பாடல்கள் ‘மலரும் உள்ளம்’ இரண்டு தொகுதிகள், ‘சிரிக்கும் பூக்கள்’ ஆகிய பெயர்களில் வெளியாகிப் புகழ்பெற்றன. ‘பாட்டிலே காந்தி கதை’ என்கிற குழந்தைகளுக்கான காவியம், ‘நேரு தந்த பொம்மை’, ‘சுதந்திரம் பிறந்த கதை’ என்கிற நீண்ட பாடல் ஆகியவை அவருடைய புதுமையான குழந்தைப் பாடல் முயற்சிகள். அன்று தொடங்கி இன்று வரை அவருடைய பாடல்கள் குழந்தைகளால் பாடப்படுவதற்கு முக்கியக் காரணம் பாடுவதற்கேற்ற சந்தம், இனிமை, எளிமையான மொழிநடை, தெளிவு ஆகியவற்றுடன் இருப்பதுதான். குழந்தைகள் பெரிதும் விரும்பும் உயிரினங்கள் எழுப்பும் ஒலி, கருவிகள் எழுப்பும் ஓசைகளைப் பாடல்களில் அவர் சேர்த்திருந்ததால், அவருடைய பாடல்கள் உயிர்ப்புடன் திகழ்கின்றன.

அழ.வள்ளியப்பா காலத்தில், சிறார் இலக்கியம் இன்று வந்தடைந்துள்ள முற்போக்கான புரிதல்களைப் பெற்றிருக்கவில்லை. அதேநேரம் நமது நிலம், மரபு, நாட்டுத் தலைவர்களைக் குறித்துக் குழந்தைகள் தெரிந்துகொள்ள வேண்டும், மதிக்க வேண்டும் என்கிற அடிப்படைப் பண்புகள் வலியுறுத்தப்பட்டன. குழந்தைகளின் அறிவு வளர்ச்சியை மேம்படுத்துவதிலும், மாணவப் பருவத்திலேயே ஒற்றுமை உணர்வை ஓங்கச் செய்வதிலும் அன்றைய சிறார் இலக்கியம் பெரும் பங்காற்றியது. பாடநூல்களுக்கு வெளியே உள்ள உலகத்தை அந்த நூல்கள் சிறாருக்குத் தொடர்ந்து அறிமுகப்படுத்தின.

தொலைநோக்குப் பார்வை

இன்றைய சிறார் இலக்கிய எழுத்தாளர்களிடம் அரிதாக உள்ள ஒரு பண்பு, அழ.வள்ளியப்பாவிடம் இயல்பிலேயே இருந்தது. பல தலைமுறைக் குழந்தைகளுக்குப் பிடித்த பாடல்களை இயற்றியுள்ள அவர், தன் முதல் பாடல் தொகுப்பான ‘மலரும் உள்ளம்’ நூலைத் தமிழ்ப் பேராசிரியர் ஐயன் பெருமாளிடம் காட்டித் திருத்தங்களைப் பெற்ற பிறகே வெளியிட்டது பதிவாகியிருக்கிறது. பிற்காலத்தில், உயிரினங்களைப் பற்றி அவர் எழுதிய ‘மிருகங்கள் பேசினால்’ என்னும் நூலை வனவிலங்கு அதிகாரி எம்.ஏ.பாட்சாவிடம் திருத்தத்துக்குக் கொடுத்து வாங்கிய பிறகே பிரசுரித்துள்ளார்.

இப்படிக் கருத்துப் பிழை, மொழிப் பிழை, இலக்கணப் பிழையின்றிப் படைப்புகளை அவர் எழுதியதால், குழந்தைகளால் சிறு வயதிலேயே தமிழை எளிமையாக உள்வாங்கிக்கொள்ள முடிந்தது. இத்துடன், மனிதர்கள் மதிப்பீடுகளுடன் வாழ்வதன் அவசியத்தையும், ஒற்றுமை உணர்வையும் அவருடைய படைப்புகள் வலியுறுத்தின. இன்றைய சிறார் எழுத்தில் இது போன்ற தன்மைகளுடன் படைப்பு முதன்மை பெறாமல், சிறார் இலக்கியத் துறையில் பெயர் பெற்றுவிட வேண்டும் என்கிற நோக்கம் பலரிடமும் தூக்கலாக இருப்பதை அவதானிக்க முடிகிறது.

சிறார் இலக்கியம் எப்படியிருக்க வேண்டும் என்பதற்குத் தெளிவான தொலைநோக்குப் பார்வையை அழ.வள்ளியப்பா வெளிப்படுத்தினார் என்பதற்கு இரண்டு எடுத்துக்காட்டுகளைச் சுட்டிக்காட்டலாம். முதலாவது, ‘வளர்ந்து வரும் குழந்தை இலக்கியம்’ எனும் தலைப்பில் சென்னைப் பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் அவர் ஆற்றிய சொற்பொழிவில் கொன்றை வேந்தன், வெற்றி வேற்கை, உலக நீதி போன்ற நீதி நூல்களைச் சிறுவர் இலக்கியத்தில் சேர்ப்பது ஏன் தவறு எனச் சுட்டிக்காட்டியிருக்கிறார். இந்த வாதத்தை பெ.தூரன் போன்றோர் வழிமொழிந்து பாராட்டியிருக்கின்றனர்.

அடுத்ததாக, 1951-ல் ‘கல்கண்டு’ இதழில் துப்பாக்கிக் கதைகள் வெளியாகப்போவது தொடர்பான அறிவிப்பை அதன் ஆசிரியர் தமிழ்வாணன் வெளியிட்டிருந்தார். ‘இதுபோல் குழந்தைகளுக்குத் தேவையின்றி வன்முறையை அறிமுகப்படுத்துவது தவறு’ என்று எழுத்து மூலம் அழ.வள்ளியப்பா வலுவாக இதைக் கண்டித்துள்ளார். இவ்வளவுக்கும் அழ.வள்ளியப்பாவுக்குக் ‘குழந்தைக் கவிஞர்’ என்கிற அடைமொழியை முன்பு வழங்கியிருந்தவரே தமிழ்வாணன்தான்.

தொலைந்துபோன அக்கறை

வாழ்ந்த காலம் முழுவதும் சிறார் எழுத்தாளர்களையும் மாணவ எழுத்தாளர்களையும் ஊக்குவிக்கும் உந்துசக்தியாகத் திகழ்ந்த வள்ளியப்பா, சிறார் எழுத்தாளர்கள் கூட்டாகச் செயல்படுவதன் அவசியத்தை உணர்ந்திருந்தார். 1950-லேயே குழந்தை எழுத்தாளர் சங்கத்தை உருவாக்கி, சிறார் இலக்கியத்தை வளர்ப்பதற்குப் பல்வேறு முன்னோடி முயற்சிகளை அவர் முன்னெடுத்தார். தமிழ்நாட்டிலேயே முதன்முறையாகக் குழந்தைப் புத்தகக்காட்சி, குழந்தை நூல் வெளியீட்டு நாள், குழந்தைகள் நாடக விழா, குழந்தை எழுத்தாளர்களுக்கான தனி மாநாடுகள், குழந்தை எழுத்தாளர்களின் படைப்புகளுக்குப் பரிசுகள் - பதக்கங்கள், ‘குழந்தை எழுத்தாளர் யார்? எவர்?’ நூல் போன்றவை குழந்தை எழுத்தாளர் சங்கம் புரிந்த சில சாதனைகள்.

இதுபோல் கடந்த நூற்றாண்டில், சிறார் இலக்கியம் முக்கியமான பல கட்டங்களைக் கடந்துவந்துள்ளது. அன்றைய தமிழ் இலக்கியவாதிகளில் பலர் சிறாருக்கும் அக்கறையுடன் எழுதிவந்தனர். சிறார் இலக்கியம் குறித்த அலட்சியமோ, எள்ளல் தொனியோ அந்தக் கால இலக்கியவாதிகளிடம் காணப்படவில்லை. இன்றைய நவீன இலக்கியவாதிகளில் பலரும் சிறார் இலக்கியத்தை அக்கறையுடன் கணக்கிலெடுத்துக்கொண்டதுபோல் தோன்றவில்லை. சிறார் இலக்கியத்தை ஆக்கபூர்வமாக அணுகுவதும் விமர்சனபூர்வமாக அதை வளர்த்தெடுப்பதும் எவ்வளவு முக்கியம் என்பதை அவர்கள் உணர்ந்திருக்கிறார்களா என்பது கேள்விக்கு உரியதாக இருக்கிறது.

இலக்கிய வாசிப்பென்றாலும் சரி, அச்சு இதழ் வாசிப்பென்றாலும் சரி, முதல்நிலை வாசகர்கள் உருவாக்கப்படவில்லை என்றால், எதிர்காலத்தில் இந்தத் துறைகள் ஆட்டம் கண்டுவிடும். அதற்கான அறிகுறிகள் கடந்த 10 ஆண்டுகளில் வலுவாகவே தெரிகின்றன. ஒரு சமூகத்துக்கு இலக்கியப் படைப்புகளும் அச்சு இதழ்களும் எவ்வளவு முக்கியமோ, அதே அளவுக்கு முதல்நிலை வாசகர்களும் கவனமாக வளர்த்தெடுக்கப்பட வேண்டும். அடித்தளம் வலுவாக இருந்தால் மட்டுமே, நாம் நினைக்கும் உயரத்துக்கு கட்டிடத்தைக் கட்டியெழுப்ப முடியும். வாசிப்புக்கான அத்தகைய சில அடித்தளங்களை அழ.வள்ளியப்பா உள்ளிட்டோர் கையளித்துச் சென்றிருக்கின்றனர். ஆனால், அந்த அடித்தளங்கள் காலந்தோறும் மேம்படுத்தப்படவும் வளர்த்தெடுக்கப்படவும் வேண்டிய கடமை நம் தலைமுறைக்கு இருக்கிறது.

To those of us who think of the bindi as an optional accessory, rather than an indispensable part of festive fashion, the outrage was bewildering: since when has the weight of Diwali celebration rested so heavily on a single dot on the forehead?

In the weeks before Diwali, certain online platforms were ringing with cries of “#NoBindiNoBusiness”, an expression of outrage against brands, which released their festive season advertisements featuring models who (gasp!) did not sport a bindi as part of their otherwise impeccably traditional outfits.

To those of us who think of the bindi as an optional accessory, rather than an indispensable part of festive fashion, the outrage was bewildering: since when has the weight of Diwali celebration rested so heavily on a single dot on the forehead? But it was also infuriating because, once again, it was an aspect of feminine fashion which was in the eye of the storm. It would make for a refreshing change if, for once, online mobs fulminated over a sloppily tied dhoti or pagdi (this is not to give anyone ideas).

First, a clarification: It’s not as if those who don’t identify as women can’t sport the bindi. There are enough examples in pre-modern Indian art that show us that the mark on the forehead, whether one calls it a bindi or a tilak or a pottu, was worn by everyone. And this makes sense if we go by the most popular theory for why the bindi is worn in the first place: the tiny patch of skin between the eyebrows is believed to be where the hidden “third eye” or ajna chakra is located, and in the Hindu and Buddhist traditions, it is supposed to be the gateway to higher consciousness. As there is no reason to suppose that this gateway is closed to men, it’s safe to assume that they can, should they wish to, wear a bindi (and not just the occasional tilak) as an expression of their belief in their spiritual traditions. But as with so many other traditions, especially those that have anything to do with the body, the preservation of the bindi as some cultural epitome seems to have fallen exclusively to women.

But let’s talk about the real reason why many Indian women like to wear a bindi: because it makes us feel attractive. For, believe it or not, personal style and aesthetic choices define how women dress up, including whether or not they will use a bindi to round off a look. Tradition and spiritual/cultural leanings have something to do with it, no doubt, but equally, a woman will choose a bindi based on how well it goes with her lehenga or anarkali. A big red bindi will make her look like the suhagan that she is, but surely a small diamante bindi would look more elegant with her cocktail sari? Should she go for a delicate dot high up on her forehead, like Maharani Gayatri Devi, or between her eyebrows, like Devika Rani? How about matching the colour of her bindi to her outfit, like Sridevi did in Chandni? Would a thin, long sticker-bindi, like the one sported by Mandira Bedi in Shanti, look “retro-cool” or just plain silly?

Naturally, the definition of beauty comes down to individual taste, but there are certain norms, which set the limits within which it is defined. As per the most widely accepted norms, the bindi is to be worn with traditional Indian outfits, especially during a celebration — whether of a wedding or a festival or birthday or just a new job or a promotion. For this reason, perhaps, to many it seems faintly ridiculous to wear a bindi with jeans or a skater dress and could explain why, despite valiant efforts to drum up “hurt sentiments” over a Selena Gomez or a Gwen Stefani wearing the bindi, the general desi reaction is one of amusement (“Did she really think a bindi would go with her tank top and track pants?”).

And of course, if there are norms, they will be defied: There exist plenty of Indian women who will blithely wear a bindi with any outfit and for any occasion and there’s nothing wrong with that, just like there’s nothing wrong with dressing up in a lovely silk sari for Diwali and not wearing a bindi.

World War II boosted aviation in the country. The building of airstrips and the availability of surplus aeroplanes encouraged entrepreneurs to start airlines. By the end of the decade in 1950, airlines in India had flown five lakh passengers

In the 1960s, England and France started collaborating on a passenger aeroplane that would fly faster than the speed of sound. The aircraft was called the Concorde. It was an engineering marvel, and flying at Mach 2 (twice the speed of sound), would transport passengers between London and New York in three-and-a-half hours. The aircraft’s iconic design of a thin fuselage, swept-back wings, and a nose that would drop down became synonymous with supersonic travel. In 1964, the Government of India would inform Parliament that Air India had paid $500,000 for securing the delivery positions on two Concordes.

Around the world, civil aviation has seen the active involvement of legislatures. India has been no different. In 1911, the legislative council decided to regulate the manufacture, sale, and use of aeroplanes when there was hardly any aviation activity. Explaining the timing of the law, a government member said, “Those who have watched the astonishing progress made during the last few years towards the conquest of air would be slow to set any limits to possible future developments… it is quite within the bounds of possibility that within the next few years the more adventurous Members of this Council may be winging their way to Simla in aeroplanes instead of corkscrew railway.”

The growth of civil aviation would take time in India. Till 1922 there were less than 20 aircraft registered in the country. Things changed slowly, and in the 1930s, two private players, the aviation arm of Tata Sons and Indian National Airlines, started their operations. Both of them got paid by the government for carrying mail. With an increase in flying activity, the central legislative assembly enacted the Aircraft Act 1934 to regulate the technical aspects of civil aviation. But starting an airline did not require any licence from the government. By the end of the 1930s, another airline joined the fray and operated regional services from Bombay.

The onset of the Second World War added to the growth of aviation in the country. First, the war resulted in the construction of airstrips, adding to the flying infrastructure. The availability of surplus aeroplanes at the end of the war encouraged multiple entrepreneurs to start airline operations. After the war, the legislature made air transport services a licensed activity. By the end of the decade in 1950, airlines in India had flown five lakh passengers, covering 18 crore miles over 12 lakh hours.

Post-Independence Parliament nationalised the nine private airlines in the country into two entities. The Air Corporations Act of 1953 created Indian Airlines and Air India International — the former for domestic operations and the latter for international routes. J R D Tata was appointed the Chairman of Air India International. Mr Tata was an accomplished aviator and, in 1932, had piloted the Tata Sons mail service from Bombay to Karachi. This aviation arm of the company was later spun off into a separate airline and then nationalised.

Mr Tata was keen on supersonic air travel. While in New York in 1960 (on Air India’s first flight to the city), he was quoted by the media as strongly favouring the development of a supersonic airliner. By 1962 Air India had become the first all-jet airline in the world. Two years later, it would ensure its technological superiority by reserving delivery positions on the Anglo-French Concorde and the American supersonic aircraft, one of the few airlines globally to do so.

The Concorde would fly for the first time in March 1969 and capture the imagination of the world. The world was finally getting smaller. But the aura around supersonic flight was short-lived. In 1973, a Russian supersonic aircraft crashed at an airshow, raising safety concerns. Then there was the issue of damage to the ozone layer as the Concorde flew at 60,000 feet. And finally, there was the sonic boom that shattered windows and damaged buildings when the plane broke through the sound barrier. The government informed Parliament that, like many other countries, India had refused supersonic flights permission to fly over their territories. Rising fuel costs, the high operating expenses, and low passenger capacity also made airlines rethink their orders of the Concorde. In 1975 Air India cancelled its order to buy the two Concordes.

The Concorde would come to India on demonstration flights and as part of private touring charters but never on a regularly scheduled commercial flight. But Parliament’s interest in civil aviation and Air India would continue. Members would regularly raise issues on the airline’s financial condition and the working condition of its personnel. And in the coming Winter Session, they will focus on its disinvestment.

The large and modern infrastructure of Keshav Kunj, the RSS’s northern India office under construction at Delhi’s Jhandewalan Extension, suggests it will overshadow the relatively modest buildings in Nagpur which have served as the Sangh’s headquarters for nearly a century.

Is the RSS planning to eventually transfer its headquarters from Hedgewar Bhavan in Nagpur to Delhi, the seat of temporal power? The large and modern infrastructure of Keshav Kunj, the RSS’s northern India office under construction at Delhi’s Jhandewalan Extension, suggests it will overshadow the relatively modest buildings in Nagpur which have served as the Sangh’s headquarters for nearly a century. The Delhi office, when complete, will have two massive towers of 12 to 16 floors. The BJP Delhi headquarters on Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg, with an area of 1.7 lakh square feet, was billed as the world’s largest political office, but the Delhi RSS office will outstrip this. Estimates of the covered area range from 2 to 2.5 lakh square feet. The dozens of Hindu nationalist organisations affiliated with the RSS, from its labour and youth wing to the VHP and the Bharatiya Kisan Sangh etc, all will have offices within the complex.

New Club-Class

Earlier this year, the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal ordered the suspension of the elected general committee of the elite Delhi Gymkhana Club and directed the government to appoint an administrator till allegations against an earlier general committee were investigated. In May, a new administrator, Om Pathak, an elderly retired IAS officer, took charge. Pathak assumes his job requires more than simply running the club on a day-to-day basis. In a letter to the members, he said that he would like to re-invent the image of the 108-year-old premier watering hole, known for its winter buffet lunches, Thursday night mixers, chicken sandwiches, tennis tournaments and active bridge room. Pathak has formed several sub-committees to focus on what he terms ‘India First’ programmes and has even started vetting speakers for debates. Recently, an expert called to speak was disinvited as the administrator felt his views were unfriendly towards the government. As part of his push for a Hindutva cultural heritage agenda, on Diwali, a performance on the return of Ram to Ayodhya was enacted at the club.

On Whose Side?

It is hard to figure out just whose side the high-profile poll campaigner Prashant Kishor is on at any given time. In Goa, his remark that the BJP is here to stay as a major force in Indian politics for decades and that Rahul Gandhi was wrong in believing that the ruling party could be easily defeated set the cat among the pigeons. Trinamool Congress MP Kalyan Banerjee on television criticised Kishor, stating that he was assigned for a specific role and was not a leader who could make political judgments. But a senior TMC MP immediately contacted Banerjee, requesting him not to criticise Kishor since he was working for party supremo Mamata Banerjee. Incidentally, the induction of some glamour into the TMC in Goa with the recruitment of Nafisa Ali and Leander Paes is unlikely to impress the Goan voter, who is already spoilt for choice given the multiplicity of national and local parties competing for her affection.

Raise your Hands

Congresspersons are curious to know just who is Tariq Hameed Karra. The politician from Kashmir was earlier with the PDP, but was a special invitee to the recent CWC session. Kurra tried to steamroll the party into declaring Rahul Gandhi as Congress president. He questioned the need for elections and suggested the whole issue could be resolved with a show of hands. He added that anyone who did not put up his hand would be immediately exposed as a traitor to the party. Ambika Soni and Mukul Wasnik asked the over-enthusiastic Rahul loyalist to sit down since he was straying from the agenda, by also bringing in Sardar Patel and claiming he had tried to divide the country. But since Kurra was seen talking with Rahul after the session, many suspected that his over-the-top remarks were probably not just an innocent maverick’s intrusion. He is one of the newest favourites of the Gandhi siblings.

Don’t Go Over

Pakistan’s denial of permission for Go First airline’s newly inaugurated Srinagar-Sharjah flight to use its airspace, forcing the airline to reroute the service and add 40 minutes to its flying time, is one more instance of the country’s pressure tactics on India. Pakistan had granted over-flight clearance to Go First flights to operate from October, but abruptly withdrew the permission for November. The Pakistani authorities were not swayed even by a sentimental association. The owner of Go First airlines, Nusli Wadia, is the only grandson of the founder of Pakistan, Mohammed Ali Jinnah. Incidentally, the reason the airlines recently changed its name from Go Air to Go First is reportedly because of a bitter dispute in the family.

Denials, drama and massive publicity campaigns have become the weapons that the Prime Minister uses against all criticism of his governance, so why should his chief ministers not follow his lead?

It was the images from Ayodhya this Diwali that inadvertently highlighted for me the flaws of politics and governance in the ‘new India’. Image one was of the Chief Minister in a saffron turban that matched his ascetic’s robes standing on the banks of the Saryu and announcing proudly that this year nine lakh ‘diyas’ would light up the banks of the river. And, he added with a smug smile, another three lakh ‘diyas’ would be lit in the temples of this city that Hindus have for centuries believed was Ram’s capital in times of antiquity. Next on my TV screen came images of thousands of flickering clay lamps and psychedelic lasers lighting up the moonless sky. An awestruck celebrity anchor declared that this event would make it into the ‘Geenis Book of Records’.

Later, on social media, ‘old’ India surfaced in images of what happened after the lights dimmed and the TV reporters left. As the clay oil lamps started to sputter out, barefoot women and children crept furtively around collecting what oil they could in plastic bottles. The reporter who took the pictures said that he had seen this happen year after year ever since the ‘ascetic’ who has ruled Uttar Pradesh for the past five years decided that his legacy would be to make Ayodhya a major tourist attraction. In pursuit of this aim, he is seen in Ayodhya every Diwali bowing deeply to actors dressed as Ram, Lakshman and Sita, and has tried every year to increase the number of ‘diyas’ on the banks of the Saryu. It is as if he wants to trick the people of Uttar Pradesh into believing that Ram Rajya is already here.

This year he has seemed especially keen to use melodrama and an advertising blitzkrieg to create this impression in case there are those who remember the things he continues to be in denial about. He has never admitted that at the height of Covid’s brutal second wave, desperate people abandoned dead loved ones in the Ganga or buried them in shallow graves on its banks because they could not afford proper last rites. When questioned about this, Yogi’s answer has always been that there are Hindu communities who traditionally do this. I have not seen an interview in which he has been asked why there were queues outside cremation grounds and why pyres burned all night, but if he was asked, he would probably deny that any such thing happened. Just as he has always denied that people died in hospitals for want of oxygen, beds and medicine.

Denials, drama and massive publicity campaigns have become the weapons that the Prime Minister uses against all criticism of his governance, so why should his chief ministers not follow his lead? In fairness to Narendra Modi, it must be said that these weapons have worked so well that Opposition leaders have taken to copying him. Those who lead the pathetic rump that is left of the once-mighty Congress party routinely ensure these days that TV cameras follow them when they visit temples. And, Arvind Kejriwal made sure that the Diwali pooja he performed in his home was televised live, and urged the people of Delhi to pray with him. Modi has succeeded in writing the rules of what he likes to call ‘new India’, but the real question is whether it is possible to conceal old India’s old problems beneath the gloss and glitter of illusory change and melodrama?

Polls say that unemployment continues to be a huge problem, and it will continue to be a problem because the economy is still stumbling along rather than roaring ahead. The Prime Minister’s acolytes point out with reverence and awe that he has announced all the reforms needed to move the economy away from stagnant socialism. But we will not see India really change until there is serious administrative reform. If massive publicity campaigns can be organised overnight, why is it so hard to change administrative procedures that are colonial, cumbersome and obsolete?

Modi’s promises of change are many. But where are those smart cities promised seven years ago? His new promise is that every Indian home will have clean drinking water by the next general election. How will this be achieved? This column has often praised the Swachh Bharat campaign, and it is remarkable that open defecation has become socially unacceptable, but to say that India has become free of this ancient habit is not true. Swachh Bharat should include sanitary living conditions, so why does garbage continue to rot in public places? Why do human beings continue to be sent into filthy sewers to clean them without protective clothing or the right tools? Eradicating manual scavenging should be an essential part of Swachh Bharat, and yet it finds almost no mention in it.

No matter how many ‘diyas’ light up the banks of the Saryu and how many temples we build in Ram’s ancient capital city, we cannot fool people into believing that Ram Rajya is already here. Beneath the surface of the shiny new India that we see in the unending publicity drives, still exists an older India that has been unable to deal with basic problems. Modi may have dealt with them better if he had not distracted from them by placing too much emphasis on religion and temples that have moved us no closer to Ram Rajya.

A change of government is necessary if the voters are concerned about the sluggish growth rate, soaring prices, high unemployment, divisive and discriminatory laws, misuse of law enforcement agencies and pervasive sense of fear

History is replete with examples of battles between pro-changers and no-changers. After the curtain raiser of 2021, the year 2022 promises to witness another epic battle.

Climate change is the hot topic of the day. As you read this, COP-26 would have come to an end, countries would have made promises, many of those promises will not be kept (e.g. funding), yet the pro-changers can go back with the satisfaction that they had won small victories and prepare for the next battle. Political battles are not different.

What Change?

Everyone desires change but, in some cases, the change that a section of the people wants will take a country backwards in time. In the United States, the state of Texas has passed a law that will effectively ban abortion in that state. Such a law denies the agency of a woman over her body. In India, some people are bent upon changing names in the false belief that, by doing so, they will re-write the history of the country. The most recent example is the Indian Railways, which has changed the name of Faizabad junction to Ayodhya cantonment.

Real change will tear apart walls, stop wars, unite people not of a country alone but of the world, reduce inequalities, banish hunger, and eliminate poverty. Still, there will be differences of religion, race, language, caste etc, but humankind must accept the differences and celebrate what is common. That day, however, is far away.

Meanwhile, we can wage the battle to change what is plainly wrong, such as the erosion of personal liberty, the misuse of law, the debasement of institutions, intimidation, majoritarianism, authoritarianism and the promotion of a personality cult. (Why should a vaccination certificate carry the photograph of Prime Minister Modi?)

Battle without Weapons

This is a political battle that can be fought without weapons or violence. It can be fought by the common citizen. Remember Winston Churchill’s description of the working of a democracy: “the little man walking into a little booth, with a little pencil, making a little cross on a little bit of paper”. It is indeed as simple as that, only the little pencil has been replaced by the little button.

Last week, little men and women walked into little booths and voted, according to their preferences, for ‘change’ or ‘no change’ in 14 states. These were mainly by-elections to state Assemblies, 30 in all. Three Lok Sabha seats also elected new representatives. By and large, the ruling party of the state was the winner, but one exception was significant. In Himachal Pradesh, where the BJP rules and which is home to BJP president Mr J P Nadda, the Congress won the sole LS seat and all the three Assembly seats. More significant were the vote shares: the Congress’s was 48.9 per cent, the BJP’s 28.05 per cent.

Similarly, in Maharashtra, where the Congress won the sole seat, its vote share was 57.03 per cent, and the BJP’s 35.06 per cent. In Rajasthan, the Congress won both seats, and its vote share was 37.51 per cent, and the BJP’s 18.80 per cent. The differences were unusually large.

In states where the Congress lost to the BJP, the difference was narrow. In Karnataka, the two parties won one seat each, and the vote shares were the BJP 51.86 per cent and the Congress 44.76 per cent. In Madhya Pradesh, where the BJP won two seats to the Congress’s one, the difference was narrower: 47.58 per cent to 45.45 per cent. In Assam alone was the difference large.

A New Wind

In the six states where there was a straight fight between the Congress and the BJP, based on the vote shares, the Congress was the undoubted winner. Besides, overall, the BJP won 7 seats and the Congress won 8. There is a new wind behind the sails of the Congress.

However, it would be totally wrong to draw any final conclusions for three reasons. The first is that in four states — Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Telangana and West Bengal — where the two main contenders were BJP+ and a regional party, the Congress was squeezed out of the race. The second is that in four of the five states that will go to elections in 2022, the BJP is the ruling party and the Congress has to fight political power and money power. The third reason is that the Congress has to overcome a huge deficit (currently 52 seats vs the half-way mark of 272) and therefore it needs allies.

A decisive vote for change alone will unseat the BJP in the next LS election. Such a change of government is necessary if the voters are concerned about the sluggish growth rate, soaring prices, high unemployment, divisive and discriminatory laws, misuse of law enforcement agencies and pervasive sense of fear. Presently, the relentless price rise alone seems to be playing on the minds of the voters. The other negatives may have a subliminal influence. On the other hand, Hindutva, Ayodhya, Pakistan-is-the-enemy, immigrants-are-termites etc continue to have a disproportionate influence on the minds of voters, especially in the Hindi-speaking states.

Will the regional parties be content with no-change or will they be true to their reputation of being pro-changers? These are questions that every political party — and every voter too — must answer.

The Big Story : Kal Penn and Other Coming Out Tales

Actor Kal Penn, one of Hollywood’s most prominent Indian-American actors who served a two-year term in the Barack Obama presidency, told the world he was gay this past weekend. The 44-year-old Penn — real name Kalpen Suresh Modi — was promoting his memoir, You Can’t Be Serious and told People magazine: “People figure their shit out at different times in their lives, so I’m glad I did when I did.” He added that he had been in a relationship for the past 11 years and had plans to marry his fiancé.

Penn’s announcement set off a frisson of excitement in the Asian American and LGBTQI community back home in India. Film-maker Apurva Asrani who made his screenwriting debut with Aligarh, based on the life of gay professor Ramchandra Siras, tweeted that he “backflipped with joy”. Mumbai-based director Onir who goes by one name told Vice, “It’s so important for people who are in public spaces and who are role models to come out.”

Coming Out Stories

There’s no one-size-fits-all coming out story. For Ayesha Kapur, proprietor of home-made ice-cream business, Chubby Cheeks Creamery and one of the petitioners in the Supreme Court landmark Section 377 case that decriminalised consensual gay sex in 2018, coming out to her family was “absolutely uneventful.” Kapur said she first told her mother about her sexuality, a few months before she died of cancer in 2009. A few years later, in 2012, during a conversation, she came out to her father. “There was no prolonged family drama conversation. He listened and said, ‘Ok, enjoy your date’. And that was that.”

Coming out is not a “one-step” process. “I had struggled for years with my sexuality,” said Kapur. Senior advocate Saurabh Kirpal agreed. By his mid-teens, Kirpal knew he was gay. Over the years, the first to know were close friends and a close circle of people he could trust. “That circle expands until you reach that seminal moment within Asian families of finally telling your parents the truth because not coming out to them leaves you hollow. You know you are living a lie, worried about when you will slip up, trying to be someone you are not. Until you finally realise that if you have to have a happy life, you have to come out to them,” he said.

While his mother had an inkling, Kirpal continued, his father, then a senior Supreme Court judge who would go on to become the Chief Justice of India had no clue. Both parents took it well, even opening a bottle of champagne. “Once you agree on a fundamental precept that you love your son, the rest is just details,” he said.

Not everyone is as lucky. When T came out to her parents at age 41 in 2013, she was in a high profile job and although her parents had had an inter-caste “love marriage”, her mother in particular is yet to come to terms with her daughter’s sexuality. “She tells me she accepts it, but also worries about what people, especially her relatives, will say,” T said. Because of Covid-19, her parents who live in another city haven’t visited her ever since she moved in with her partner. “The real test will be when they come to stay, because I have every intention of continuing to live with my partner and not have to ask her to move out,” T said.

Bearing a Cross

I asked T if she was under pressure from the community to come out as a role model for younger people. She was, she said. But, “My private life has never been a part of public discourse.” Two factors hold her back. The first is her mother’s ambivalence and the second is her fear of trolls. “As a woman with an opinion, I already get a fair amount of online abuse. I do not want to deal with trolls because of my personal life,” she said.

Kirpal understands why many people would choose not to come out especially in India, but felt, “It’s my moral responsibility. It’s not a cross I bear, but a choice I made.”

In any case, he added: “Living by example is also a form of activism.”

Price of Coming Out

And, yes, coming out, even for privileged and urbane Indians, comes at a price. In 2017, Saurabh Kirpal’s name was put forward for consideration as a judge in the Delhi High Court. That decision has been deferred four times. “There is no way of knowing why my name keeps getting deferred but it’s most likely because I am gay,” he said. If true, the same judiciary that decriminalised section 377, is yet to demonstrate a similar liberalism by allowing for a more inclusive bench.

And, yet, there are no regrets about coming out as gay and living an open, honest life. “I don’t have the luxury of keeping quiet anymore,” Kirpal said.

In a society where the Indian Psychiatric Association clarified only as recently as 2018 that homosexuality is not a mental illness, where there is as yet no explicit ban on unscientific “conversion” therapies and families can force LGBTQ children into an array of quack treatments, coming out can be daunting and, worse, downright dangerous.

In May 2020, a 21-year-old queer woman from Kerala died by suicide after being dragged off to multiple “de-addiction” centres against her will, leading to a renewed conversation on how sexuality is something people are born with and does not require a “cure”. But over a year later, the so-called treatments are yet to be banned.

“In the Indian context, coming out has a whole different meaning,” said Raj Mariwala, director of the Mariwala Health Initiative. When the ‘normal’ is assumed and doesn’t require to be stated, coming out is often an outcome of discrimination, she said. “There can be a range of responses from parents and family, friends and even workplaces.”

To access queer affirmative mental health professionals, peer supporters and organisations click on this link.

Stories you might have missed

The Delhi Commission of Women has taken suo motu cognisance of rape threats made online to the nine-month-old baby daughter of Virat Kohli and Anushka Sharma. The commission issued notice to the police over the threat made by an account that goes by the handle CricCrazyGirl (since deleted) soon after Kohli defended fast bowler Mohammad Shami who was subjected to online abuse after India’s loss to Pakistan in the T20 World Cup.

In a year dominated by talk of “Covid orphans”, you might have expected to see a spike in adoption numbers. In fact, the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) reported a drop in numbers of children available for adoption, writes Avinash Kumar, founder-director, Families of Joy Foundation.

A new manual to sensitise and educate teachers towards the LGBTQ community and different gender orientations has been taken down from the NCERT website. Titled, Inclusion of Transgender Children in School Education: Concerns and Roadmap, the manual ran into a controversy over its content after the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights sought rectifications of “anomalies” in the manual. The child rights body has asserted that the manual will deny equal rights to children of diverse biological needs. Read more here.

NOTES FROM THE FIELD

Educating boys: Adolescent boys who attended classroom discussions of gender rights and equality for two years, ended up having less regressive attitudes even two years after the classes ended, finds a new study. Conducted by a research team of Diva Dhar (University of Oxford), Tarun Jain (Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad) and Seema Jayachandran (Northwestern University), the study looked at how intervention using discussion and persuasion reduced the participants’ support for gender regressive attitudes and increased the value they placed on education.

The study will be published in the forthcoming American Economic Review. You can read a PDF here.

Women in the World

Snuffed out: Distressing reports coming in that 29-year-old Frozan Safi has been shot and killed in northern Afghanistan, the first known death of a woman human rights defender since the Taliban swept to power three months ago.

Smash, smash: Bangladeshi American Shahana Hanif became the first Muslim woman, and South Asian, to be elected to the City Council of New York City. “Together we are building an anti-racist, feminist city,” she said soon after her historic win. In Boston, Michelle Wu became the first woman and person of colour to be elected mayor.

Gen X: The United States has issued its first passport with an X gender designation, marking a milestone in the recognition of the rights of people who do not identify as male or female.

That’s it for this week. If you have a tip or information on gender-related developments that you would like to share write to me at: namita.bhandare@gmail.com.

If politics is considered a sport, then elections are India’s most cherished pastime. Constructing popular narratives about who won and who lost an electoral contest is an equal opportunity endeavour — pursued by the aam aadmi, voluble neta, and brainy analyst with equal vigour. Once an election narrative takes hold, it can be hard to dislodge.

Take, for instance, the standard account of the 2019 general election. The ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) entered that year on an uncertain footing, facing the headwinds of a sinking economy, a spate of governance lapses, and electoral defeats in three assemblies across the Hindi heartland. The party’s frontrunner status was never really in doubt, but the size and scale of its mandate was.

On February 14, a suicide bomber rammed into a paramilitary convoy in Pulwama, killing 40 jawans and bringing national security to the fore in a way few could have foreseen. The shock of Pulwama — and India’s subsequent strike on a terrorist camp in Balakot — fuelled a “rally around the flag” mentality that played naturally to the strengths of the BJP, a party widely viewed as more hawkish on Pakistan and less willing to exercise so-called “strategic restraint”.

This narrative undeniably captures a large part of reality. The national conversation shifted immediately; opinion surveys on voter priorities found that jobs and the economy ceded ground to national security. For the first time in recent memory, foreign policy made the improbable jump from “elite” to “mass” issue. This shift clearly redounded to the benefit of Narendra Modi and the BJP.

Yet, while there is compelling evidence that voters rallied around the BJP in the wake of a historic, election eve security crisis, we know relatively little about who, in fact, did the rallying. One important source of variation is exposure to the crisis itself — specifically, were those most directly impacted by the crisis the most likely to rally in support of Modi? Or were those at greatest distance the ones caught up in a nationalist fervour?

Our study investigates these questions in the pivotal state of Uttar Pradesh using granular, booth-level electoral returns and data on the home villages of the slain Pulwama jawans. In the wake of the February attacks, tens of thousands of residents attended large funeral processions that returned the jawans’ remains to their homes, paying their respects and expressing patriotic sentiments. The processions were marked by their displays of intense nationalist sentiment and hawkishness toward Pakistan— factors which one might expect to have benefited the BJP at the ballot box.

To investigate this, we estimate the effects of exposure to these processions, which highlighted the severity of the attacks, on the BJP’s vote share. What we find is a macro-micro paradox. At the macro-level, Indians across the country rallied behind the BJP in the wake of Pulwama and the subsequent retaliatory strike at Balakot. But at a micro-level, the BJP’s vote share decreases with proximity to the funeral processions in constituencies where the party is the incumbent.

Counterintuitively, the mobilisation of collective anger after the crisis dampened —rather than augmented — rallying in favour of the BJP. Consider this stark finding. Villages two kilometres from a Pulwama funeral procession saw a nearly six percentage point reduction in the BJP’s vote share compared to villages 20 km away. In other words, vote swings in favour of the BJP were systematically weaker near the epicentres of the Pulwama funeral processions than in villages mere kilometres away.

The preponderance of supporting evidence suggests that this is not because voters decried the government for insufficient retaliation against Pakistan or criticised the BJP for exploiting casualties for political gain, but because voters most exposed to social commemoration of the attacks assigned greater responsibility to the government for allowing Pulwama to happen in the first place.

If the BJP won the 2019 poll in a landslide, despite these adverse local-level consequences, are the latter inconsequential? We do not believe so.

Our results suggest that rallying effects are more tenuous than previously thought. Had 400 soldiers been killed at Pulwama instead of 40, the commemoration of these losses may have mobilised far more citizens to question the government rather than to swell the ranks of BJP supporters.

Furthermore, terrorism and conflict can have significant political consequences in places where national security is considered primarily an issue of “elite” concern — a finding that is at odds with conventional wisdom. It is commonly believed that the 26/11 terrorist attacks in Mumbai and the 1999 Kargil War, both of which preceded general elections by mere months, did not materially impact on voting behaviour. Pulwama suggests this is not an ironclad rule.

Perhaps most consequentially, these results indicate that even nationalist governments face a real trade-off in exploiting security crises for political leverage. Mobilising collective anger after an attack could benefit the government through a “rally around the flag” effect, but this is by no means a failsafe strategy. Playing up national security crises may backfire, even for the most secure nationalist governments.

Jamie Hintson is a PhD candidate in political science at Stanford University. Milan Vaishnav is senior fellow and director of the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington, DC

This Diwali, when Hindu families the world over worshipped Ganesh, the god of new beginnings and remover of obstacles, and Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity, the thought of safety from the Covid-19 pandemic and preserving their financial resources must have dominated their thoughts. In their prayers, they must also have asked the gods never to let this happen again.

The fall in the number of Covid-19 cases and bullish markets in India have surely given many devotees some hope that things are turning a corner. While it is too early to make accurate economic predictions, there is good news and bad news for the Indian middle class, which is already beset by high inflation.

Let’s start with the good news. According to the latest figures from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), there was an increase of 8.5 million jobs in September. This is the first time since the outbreak of the pandemic in March 2020 that such a large number of jobs have been created. As a result, the unemployment rate in the country has fallen by 1.5% to 6.9%, slightly behind the figure for September 2019.

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) collection figures are also promising. The current figure of 1.3 lakh crore will surely be overtaken in a few months. The residential property sector has also been growing by 13% in the last quarter, and there is an increase of 90% in new project launches. I will steer clear of the stock markets here. Its tremendous rise has taken people by surprise, but it has also raised many questions. One of these is whether the stock market’s fortunes represent the real picture of the state of the economy.

However, the dampener is that, according to CMIE again, 640,000 people lost their jobs in October. According to another report published a few months ago, more than 20 million people lost their jobs in April-May. This suggests that small and medium-sized enterprises are still not able to achieve their targets. These statistics show that while employment has increased in some sectors, it is also decreasing in others. When will employment opportunities across the board be created for the huge cohort of unemployed youth?

Extreme inflation has also broken the back of the middle class. On the initiative of the Union government, diesel-petrol prices have been reduced, but how effective will this be? Whether it is cooking gas, edible oil or consumables, with soaring prices, people must have kept their plates lighter this festive season.

No wonder the Global Hunger Index shows India well below Pakistan and Nepal.

Foreign survey agencies are often blamed for ignoring India’s ground realities and setting their standards in such a way that the achievements of developing countries are overlooked or less visible. This is actually something of a half-truth. Our own National Family Health Survey also seems to support the Global Hunger Index. Surveyors, after in-depth research in 17 states, found that there was a shocking increase in malnutrition cases in 11 of them. Whether it is poor Bihar or rich Gujarat, the situation everywhere is worrying. Up to 40% of children are malnourished in these states. This will have serious socioeconomic consequences for our future.

Let us not forget growing unemployment is not an India-specific problem. Let’s us take a look at the most powerful and developed country in the world — the United States (US). There, the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (CBPP) found that 12% of people in the US do not have access to adequate food; 16% of Americans do not have money to pay their rent; one-third of Americans do not have enough money for their daily expenses. Like the marginalised communities in India, Black and Latino families are at the bottom of heap in the US.

Similarly, inequality is spreading rapidly in Germany, the richest country in Europe. There have been strong protests in Berlin recently over what people see as needless increases in residential rents. Protesters say landlords have increased rents by 30-40% while paying little attention to the maintenance of the houses. Demonstrations against inflation and unemployment have also increased in Eastern Europe and Latin America. 

It seems that we are living in the era of paradox. On the one hand, employees are being laid off, while, on the other, a large number of skilled workers and executives are leaving old companies. Microsoft recently found, in a worldwide survey, that up to 40% of those who are employed want to change their jobs. The year 2020-21 is already being labelled as “The Great Resignation Year”.

The message is loud and clear — a lot in the present world order needs to be changed immediately. Now heads of State the world over face new challenges. If they really want to, they can convert these into opportunities. But will they do so?

Shashi Shekhar is editor-in-chief, Hindustan

International climate action must be focussed on establishing the world’s most abundant and clean energy source — solar — as the common energy imperative. Solar has the abundance, the scale, and the affordability that the global climate call to action asks for. To realise the full potential of solar, what is needed is not just energy transition, but an energy transformation, founded on unprecedented climate cooperation.

There are two salient aspects to realising this. The first is a combination of technology and logistics, whose blueprint entails building and operating electricity grids that can absorb large shares of variable renewable energy to deliver secure, reliable, and affordable power to billions, across the globe.

This will require the establishment of new transmission lines crossing frontiers and time zones, integrated into expanded and modernised grids, and coordinated with rapid scale-up of mini-grids and off-grid energy access solutions. Solar-rich areas can be linked together through continental-scale regional grids, with inter-regional links connecting different time zones, ensuring reliable supply to countries with low solar irradiation.

The second aspect of this energy transformation is common and united political will, which can focus actions by governments, public sector players, policymakers, and mission-critical organisations. The vision of globally interconnected solar grids was launched at the first Assembly of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) in October 2018 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Its name, One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG), underlined the common global framework of cohesion and unity of purpose for countries, actors, and stakeholders.

Accelerating the pace at which OSOWOG comes to life, the United Kingdom (UK) and the International Solar Alliance jointly launched a global Green Grids Initiative-One Sun One World One Grid (GGI-OSOWOG), at the COP26 in Glasgow. GGI-OSOWOG will bring more technical, financial and research cooperation to help facilitate cross-border renewable energy transfer projects, which will give OSOWOG its global infrastructure.

GGI-OSOWOG will also create depth of organisational scale, spanning national governments, international financial and technical organisations, legislators, power system operators and knowledge leaders, to accelerate the construction of the new infrastructure needed for a world powered by clean energy. It will provide momentum, and a pool of investment towards low-carbon, innovative solar projects, and bring together skilled workers for a solar-powered economic recovery. The initiative will interconnect generators and demand centres across continents with an international power transportation grid. There will be an opportunity to combine community-level power plants, rooftop systems for domestic and industrial customers, agricultural pumps, smart vehicle charging and interactive appliances to ensure that grids are green and resilient at all levels and are serving green end-uses.

The UK COP26 presidency and the India ISA presidency launched this initiative at COP26 with the One Sun Declaration endorsed by 80 countries. The aim is forging political leadership and increased global consensus around the proliferation of solar power, agnostic of national borders. Increased cooperation will be the backbone of shared cross-border infrastructure, power systems, power trading, operations, technology standards, financing regimes, and collaborative R&D. It can also propel investment and create millions of new green jobs. A new, global green grid for solar has the transformative span and reach that matches the aggressive ambition of the Paris Agreement.

The time is nigh for the global community to take concerted steps towards combating rising global temperatures. The coming together of the two leading lights in the clean energy space through this initiative represents a paradigm shift in global climate action efforts. This spirit of partnership and commonality of purpose also demonstrates the kind of multilateral climate action needed for the world to stay within its carbon budget.

Ajay Mathur is director-general, International Solar Alliance

The Union government’s decision to reduce excise duties on petrol and diesel by 5 and 10 per litre is a welcome step. This newspaper had been arguing that the persistence of high duties on petrol and diesel despite a rise in international crude prices in the last one year was a negative fiscal stimulus. While the latest decision has not brought back excise duties to pre-pandemic levels, the relief in prices is not insignificant. The reduction in fuel prices will also ease the inflation outlook going forward, although the international surge in commodity prices is worrying.

The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has criticised the Opposition-ruled states for not cutting their state taxes. The Opposition is asking for a higher cut from the Centre. We will also see the customary delinking of international prices and petrol-diesel prices as elections in Uttar Pradesh and other states come closer.

But as the political and policy debates on fuel prices gather momentum, the timing of the price cut does raise the question on whether it was politics or economics which was the trigger. Important government functionaries have given justifications for high taxes on fuel in the past. The tax-cut came immediately after the BJP’s loss in bypolls in Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan. To be sure, there is nothing wrong in a government taking cues from election results to tweak its policies. In fact, the BJP has shown remarkable agility in course-correcting after electoral reverses due to economic discontent. The announcement of the PM-KISAN scheme, which came after the BJP’s loss in the Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh elections of 2018 is the biggest example of this.